Network Hardware
The physical components required to build a Local Area Network (LAN).
Router
Directs data packets to their destinations across different networks (e.g., connecting a home LAN to the WAN/Internet).
- Assigns private IP addresses to internal nodes.
- Maintains routing tables to find the best path.
Switch
Connects devices within a single LAN. Receives data packets and forwards them exclusively to the intended destination.
- Uses MAC addresses to identify devices.
- Reduces network collisions (unlike older Hubs).
NIC (Network Interface Card)
An internal piece of hardware that allows a device to connect to a network. Built into motherboards today.
- Formats data into a standard protocol (like Ethernet).
- Has a unique, hardcoded MAC Address.
WAP (Wireless Access Point)
Allows wireless devices to connect to a wired network using Wi-Fi by converting data into radio waves.
- Acts as a bridge between wireless devices and the switch.
- Often combined into one physical box with your home router.
Examiner's Eye
Never confuse the role of a Router with a Switch! Examiners lay this exact trap every year. A Switch directs packets to specific devices inside the same LAN. A Router directs packets between different networks (like connecting your house to the Internet).
Check Your Understanding
1. Which piece of hardware reads the destination MAC address of an incoming packet, and forwards it to the correct local PC in the IT room?
2. What is the primary function of a Router?
3. Why would an organisation choose a wired Ethernet connection over a wireless one for their desktop PCs?
Wired vs Wireless Connections
Wired (Ethernet / Fibre)
Physical cables connect devices to the network. Ethernet (copper cable) is the standard for LANs, while Fibre Optic is used for high-speed WANs.
Advantages
- Maximum Bandwidth: Much faster data transfer speeds than wireless.
- High Reliability: Not subject to interference from walls, weather, or microwaves.
- Inherent Security: A hacker must physically plug into a cable to intercept data.
Disadvantages
- Zero user mobility (devices are tethered).
- Expensive and messy to install across large buildings.
Wireless (Wi-Fi / Bluetooth)
Devices connect using radio waves. Wi-Fi connects devices to a LAN, while Bluetooth is used for direct short-range device pairing.
Advantages
- Full Mobility: Users can move freely around the building.
- Easy Expansion: Easily add new devices without installing new cables.
- Portless Devices: Essential for connecting smartphones and tablets.
Disadvantages
- Lower Bandwidth: Slower speeds which drop further as you move away from the WAP.
- Interference: Signals blocked by thick walls or competing radio waves.
- Security Risks: Data is broadcast through the air, making it easier to intercept.
Stretch & Challenge (AO2 Application)
Written Exam Scenario (AO2/AO3)
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